ADOPTION OF OBA 98 MAIZE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES BY FARMERS IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

ADOPTION OF OBA 98 MAIZE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES BY FARMERS IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

This study investigated the adoption of Oba 98 maize production technologies by farmers in Delta State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of Oba 98 maize farmers; identify the sources of information on the technology; determine the level of awareness of the recommended production technologies; determine the level of adoption of these technologies; analyze the factors influencing the adoption of the technology package; and identify the constraints faced by farmers in adopting the technologies. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 200 maize farmers from the three senatorial districts of the state. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, an Adoption Index, a Tobit regression model, and a Likert-type scale. The findings revealed that the majority of the farmers were male, middle-aged, and literate, with a moderate level of farming experience. The most important sources of information were extension agents, fellow farmers, and radio. Awareness of Oba 98 was high, but the level of adoption of the full technology package was moderate, with the adoption of individual components varying. The highest adoption was recorded for the use of the Oba 98 seed itself, while the lowest was for recommended fertilizer application rates and planting spacing. The Tobit regression analysis showed that age, education, farm size, access to credit, and extension contact were significant determinants of the level of adoption. The major constraints identified were the high cost of inputs, lack of access to credit, the unavailability of the Oba 98 seed in local markets, and a lack of adequate technical knowledge. The study concluded that while Oba 98 is widely known, its full potential is not being realized due to the partial adoption of the recommended technology package. It was recommended that the government and development partners should ensure the timely availability of Oba 98 seeds and complementary inputs at affordable prices, and that extension services should be strengthened to provide more targeted training on the full package of practices.

Chapter One – Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Agriculture remains the mainstay of the Nigerian economy and the primary source of livelihood for a significant proportion of its population. The sector plays a critical role in ensuring food security, providing employment, and supplying raw materials to industries. Within the agricultural sector, maize (Zea mays L.) holds a position of immense importance. It is one of the most widely cultivated cereal crops in Nigeria, serving as a staple food for millions and a vital source of feed for the livestock industry. The productivity of maize is therefore central to national food security and economic development. (Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO], 2021).

Maize is a versatile crop with a wide range of uses. It is consumed directly by humans in various forms, including boiled or roasted corn, and processed into flour for making porridge and other dishes. It is also a crucial ingredient in animal feed, particularly for poultry, and is used in the production of starch, ethanol, and other industrial products. The demand for maize in Nigeria is robust and growing, driven by population growth, urbanization, and the expansion of the poultry industry. Meeting this growing demand requires continuous improvements in maize productivity. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture [IITA], 2020).

Despite its importance, maize productivity in Nigeria has historically been constrained by a range of factors. These include the use of low-yielding traditional varieties, poor soil fertility, inadequate agronomic practices, and the prevalence of pests and diseases. The average maize yield in the country has remained below its potential, leading to a significant gap between domestic supply and demand. Bridging this yield gap is a key priority for agricultural research and development efforts. (Fakorede, Badu-Apraku, and Menkir, 2019).

The development and dissemination of improved maize varieties have been a cornerstone of efforts to boost maize production in Nigeria. Agricultural research institutions, particularly the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and national partners, have invested heavily in breeding programs aimed at developing high-yielding, disease-resistant, and climate-adapted maize varieties. These improved varieties, when combined with appropriate agronomic practices, have the potential to significantly increase yields compared to traditional varieties. (IITA, 2020).

Oba 98 is one such improved maize variety that has been developed and released for cultivation in Nigeria. It is an open-pollinated variety (OPV) that is known for its high yield potential, early maturity, and tolerance to certain stresses. The variety was developed through collaborative research efforts and has been promoted by agricultural extension services as a way for farmers to increase their maize production and incomes. The adoption of Oba 98 is a key indicator of the success of these efforts. (Fakorede et al., 2019).

The concept of a “technology package” is central to agricultural extension. An improved variety like Oba 98 is not just a seed; it is a component of a broader package of recommended practices that are designed to maximize its genetic potential. This package typically includes recommendations for land preparation, planting time, spacing, fertilizer application rates, weed management, and pest and disease control. The full benefits of the improved variety are only realized when all the components of the package are adopted together. (Van den Ban and Hawkins, 2018).

The adoption of agricultural technologies is a complex process, influenced by a wide range of factors. It is not a simple binary decision (adopt or not adopt) but is often a gradual and partial process. A farmer may adopt the new seed but not the recommended fertilizer rates, or vice versa. The factors that influence adoption can be broadly categorized into: (1) the characteristics of the technology itself (e.g., its complexity, cost, and relative advantage); (2) the characteristics of the farmer (e.g., age, education, income, risk aversion); and (3) the institutional and policy environment (e.g., access to credit, extension services, and markets). (Rogers, 2019).

The Diffusion of Innovations theory, developed by Everett Rogers, provides a useful framework for understanding technology adoption. Rogers posits that the adoption of a new technology follows an S-shaped curve, starting with a few “innovators” and “early adopters,” followed by the majority, and finally by “laggards.” The rate of adoption is influenced by the perceived attributes of the innovation, including its relative advantage over existing practices, its compatibility with existing values and practices, its complexity, its trialability, and its observability. (Rogers, 2019).

The role of agricultural extension services is critical in promoting the adoption of improved technologies. Extension agents are responsible for creating awareness of new technologies, providing training on how to use them, and addressing farmers’ questions and concerns. The effectiveness of extension services is therefore a key determinant of the rate of adoption. A strong and well-resourced extension system can significantly accelerate the diffusion of innovations like Oba 98. (Adebayo, Oladele, and Sanusi, 2021).

Delta State, located in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria, is a significant maize-producing state. The state’s climate and soils are suitable for maize cultivation, and the crop is grown by a large number of smallholder farmers across its three senatorial districts. The adoption of improved technologies like Oba 98 is crucial for enhancing the productivity and profitability of maize farming in the state. Understanding the current level of adoption and the factors that influence it is essential for designing effective interventions. (Delta State Agricultural Development Programme [DSADP], 2020).

This study is therefore designed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the adoption of Oba 98 maize production technologies by farmers in Delta State. It will identify the sources of information, determine the level of awareness and adoption, analyze the factors that influence adoption, and identify the constraints faced by farmers. This will provide valuable evidence for policymakers, extension agencies, and researchers seeking to accelerate the adoption of this important technology. (Emmanuel and Okafor, 2022).

The findings of this study are expected to be of significant value to a wide range of stakeholders. For policymakers, the study will provide evidence on the effectiveness of past dissemination efforts, which can inform future strategies. For extension services, the study will highlight the specific components of the technology package that are not being adopted, allowing them to target their training efforts. For researchers, the study will contribute to the academic literature on technology adoption in Nigeria. Ultimately, the study aims to contribute to the improvement of maize productivity and the livelihoods of farmers in Delta State. (World Bank, 2022).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Maize productivity in Delta State remains below its potential, despite the availability of improved varieties like Oba 98. The core problem is that the full benefits of this technology are not being realized by farmers due to a low or partial adoption of the recommended production practices. This low adoption rate is limiting the potential of the technology to contribute to increased food production and improved farmer incomes. The specific reasons for this under-adoption are not fully understood. (DSADP, 2020).

A fundamental problem is the gap between awareness and adoption. While many farmers may have heard of Oba 98, a smaller number have actually planted it, and an even smaller number are using the full package of recommended practices. The problem is that simply creating awareness is not enough to ensure adoption. The transition from knowledge to action is a critical step that is often hindered by a variety of barriers. This gap between awareness and adoption is a major challenge for extension services. (Rogers, 2019).

The problem of the high cost of the recommended inputs is a significant barrier to full adoption. The technology package for Oba 98 includes the use of improved seed, fertilizers, and sometimes agrochemicals for pest and weed control. The problem is that the cost of these inputs can be prohibitive for smallholder farmers with limited financialresources. Even if a farmer is convinced of the benefits of the technology, they may be unable to afford the full package. (Fakorede et al., 2019).

There is a significant problem with the unavailability of Oba 98 seeds and other inputs in local markets. Even when farmers are willing to adopt the technology, they may not be able to access the necessary inputs. The problem is that the seed distribution system is often inefficient, with seeds being available only in certain locations or at certain times of the year. The lack of timely access to quality inputs is a major constraint on adoption. (IITA, 2020).

The issue of a lack of adequate technical knowledge is a key constraint. While the technology package for Oba 98 is designed to be relatively simple, it still requires a certain level of technical know-how to implement correctly. The problem is that many farmers may not have received adequate training on the specific recommendations for Oba 98, such as the optimal planting spacing or fertilizer application rates. This knowledge gap can lead to sub-optimal results, even when the technology is adopted. (Van den Ban and Hawkins, 2018).

The problem of the partial adoption of the technology package is a major concern. Some farmers may adopt the Oba 98 seed but ignore other recommended practices, such as the use of fertilizer or proper spacing. The problem is that this partial adoption means that the farmers do not realize the full yield benefits of the improved variety. The result is a lower return on their investment, which may discourage them from adopting the technology in the future. The reasons for this selective adoption need to be investigated. (Rogers, 2019).

There is a problem with the weakness of the agricultural extension system in reaching all farmers effectively. The extension-to-farmer ratio in Delta State is high, meaning that many farmers do not receive regular visits from extension agents. The problem is that this limited contact reduces the opportunities for farmers to learn about new technologies like Oba 98 and to receive the training they need. The reach and effectiveness of the extension service are major determinants of adoption rates. (Adebayo et al., 2021).

The issue of the risk aversion of farmers is a behavioral factor that can slow adoption. The adoption of a new technology involves taking on some risk, as the farmer is unsure of the outcome. The problem is that many smallholder farmers are highly risk-averse, as they have limited assets to fall back on if the new technology fails. This risk aversion can make them hesitant to adopt a new variety, even if it has the potential for higher yields. The provision of accurate information and demonstrations can help to reduce this perceived risk. (Armendáriz and Morduch, 2018).

There is a significant problem with the lack of a robust empirical analysis of the determinants of Oba 98 adoption specifically in Delta State. Most existing studies on maize technology adoption are from other regions or focus on other varieties. The problem is that this lack of localized, context-specific data makes it difficult to design effective interventions. The specific factors that are most important in driving or hindering the adoption of Oba 98 in Delta State need to be identified. (Emmanuel and Okafor, 2022).

The problem of the sustainability of the improved variety itself is a concern. Oba 98 is an open-pollinated variety (OPV), which means that farmers can save their own seed for replanting. While this is an advantage in terms of cost, the problem is that the genetic purity of the variety can decline over time if seed is not properly selected. This can lead to a gradual decline in yields, which may discourage farmers from continuing to use the variety. (Fakorede et al., 2019).

The issue of the impact of climate variability on maize production is an emerging challenge. Changes in rainfall patterns and increased temperatures can affect the performance of maize varieties. The problem is that the recommended practices for Oba 98 may need to be adapted to the changing climatic conditions. The need for climate-smart agricultural practices is becoming increasingly urgent. (FAO, 2021).

This study is designed to address these problems by providing a comprehensive, empirical analysis of the adoption of Oba 98 maize production technologies in Delta State. It will determine the level of awareness and adoption, analyze the factors that influence adoption, and identify the key constraints. The core problem this research aims to solve is the lack of evidence-based understanding needed to design effective strategies for accelerating the adoption of this important technology and improving maize productivity in the state. (World Bank, 2022).

1.3 Aim of the Study

The aim of this study is to analyze the adoption of Oba 98 maize production technologies by farmers in Delta State, Nigeria.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The specific objectives of this study are to:

1. Describe the socio-economic characteristics of Oba 98 maize farmers in Delta State.
2. Identify the sources of information on Oba 98 maize production technologies.
3. Determine the level of awareness of the recommended Oba 98 production technologies.
4. Determine the level of adoption of the recommended Oba 98 production technologies.
5. Analyze the factors influencing the adoption of the technology package and identify the major constraints.

1.5 Research Questions

The following research questions were formulated to guide this study:

1. What are the socio-economic characteristics of Oba 98 maize farmers in Delta State?
2. What are the primary sources of information on Oba 98 maize production technologies?
3. What is the level of awareness of the recommended Oba 98 production technologies?
4. What is the level of adoption of the recommended Oba 98 production technologies?
5. What factors significantly influence the adoption of the technology package and what are the major constraints?

1.6 Research Hypotheses

The following null (H₀) and alternative (H₁) hypotheses were tested in this study:

1. H₀: The socio-economic characteristics of the farmers (age, education, farm size) do not have a significant influence on the level of adoption of Oba 98 technologies.
   H₁: The socio-economic characteristics of the farmers (age, education, farm size) have a significant influence on the level of adoption of Oba 98 technologies.
2. H₀: Access to credit does not have a significant influence on the level of adoption of Oba 98 technologies.
   H₁: Access to credit has a significant influence on the level of adoption of Oba 98 technologies.
3. H₀: Contact with extension agents does not have a significant influence on the level of adoption of Oba 98 technologies.
   H₁: Contact with extension agents has a significant influence on the level of adoption of Oba 98 technologies.
4. H₀: The level of awareness of the technology does not have a significant influence on the level of adoption.
   H₁: The level of awareness of the technology has a significant influence on the level of adoption.
5. H₀: The distance to the nearest source of Oba 98 seed does not have a significant influence on the level of adoption.
   H₁: The distance to the nearest source of Oba 98 seed has a significant influence on the level of adoption.

1.7 Significance of the Study

This study holds significant value for a wide range of stakeholders. For policymakers at the Federal and State Ministries of Agriculture, and the Delta State Agricultural Development Programme (DSADP) , the findings will provide crucial evidence for the design of policies and programs to promote the adoption of improved agricultural technologies. The study will highlight the specific barriers to adoption, such as the high cost of inputs or the unavailability of seeds, which can inform targeted interventions. The evidence on the determinants of adoption will guide the allocation of resources to the most effective strategies.

For agricultural extension service providers and development organizations , this study will offer practical insights into the knowledge gaps and constraints faced by maize farmers. The findings on the specific components of the technology package that are being adopted or ignored will enable them to design more targeted and effective training programs. The study will also help them to understand the importance of their role in the adoption process and to advocate for the resources they need to reach more farmers.

For maize farmers in Delta State and their communities , the study will provide an objective assessment of the factors that are helping or hindering their adoption of a beneficial technology. The findings can empower them to articulate their needs to policymakers and input suppliers. By understanding the potential benefits of adopting the full technology package, they may be encouraged to improve their own practices. The study ultimately aims to serve the interests of this primary stakeholder group.

For researchers and academics, this study will contribute to the literature on agricultural technology adoption and diffusion in Nigeria. The use of a Tobit regression model, which is appropriate for analyzing a censored dependent variable like an adoption index, provides a robust methodological example. The study’s specific focus on Oba 98 in Delta State is a valuable contribution, as it provides a detailed case study of the adoption of a specific improved variety in a specific context. The findings will serve as a benchmark for future research and may generate new hypotheses for further investigation.

1.8 Scope of the Study

This study is focused on the adoption of Oba 98 maize production technologies by farmers in Delta State, Nigeria. The geographical scope covers the three senatorial districts of the state (Delta North, Delta Central, and Delta South). The study involves smallholder farmers who are engaged in maize production. The analysis covers the 2022/2023 planting season. The study examines the adoption of the Oba 98 variety itself, as well as the recommended agronomic practices associated with it, including land preparation, planting date, spacing, fertilizer application, and weed control. The study does not cover the adoption of other maize varieties or technologies.

1.9 Limitation of the Study

This study is subject to certain limitations. The primary limitation is the reliance on self-reported, recall data from farmers, which can be subject to inaccuracies. The measurement of “adoption” is based on farmers’ self-reports of their practices, which may differ from their actual practices. The cross-sectional design of the study provides a snapshot of adoption at a single point in time and does not capture the dynamic process of adoption over time. The study is also limited to a single state, and the findings may not be generalizable to other states with different socio-economic and agro-ecological contexts. Furthermore, the study does not measure the impact of adoption on actual maize yields or farm incomes, which would be a valuable area for future research.

1.10 Definition of Terms

For the purpose of clarity, the following terms are defined as they are used in this study:

1. Adoption: The decision of a farmer to integrate a new technology or practice into their farming system, often a gradual and partial process.
2. Oba 98: A specific improved open-pollinated variety (OPV) of maize that is known for its high yield potential and early maturity.
3. Technology Package: A set of recommended, complementary agricultural practices that are designed to be used together to maximize the benefits of an improved technology, such as a seed variety.
4. Awareness: The state of a farmer having heard of or being knowledgeable about a particular technology.
5. Adoption Index: A composite measure used to quantify the overall level of adoption of a technology package, based on the number of components adopted.
6. Tobit Regression Model: A statistical model used when the dependent variable is censored, meaning it has a lower or upper bound (e.g., an adoption index that cannot go below zero or above a maximum).
7. Extension Contact: The frequency and quality of a farmer’s interaction with agricultural extension agents.
8. Open-Pollinated Variety (OPV): A crop variety that is pollinated naturally, and whose seed can be saved and replanted by farmers, as opposed to a hybrid, which requires the purchase of new seed each season.
9. Improved Seed: Seed that has been bred and selected for desirable traits, such as high yield, disease resistance, and uniformity.
10. Agronomic Practices: The set of crop management techniques used by farmers, including land preparation, planting, fertilization, and weed control.